Contents
- 1 All Contents
- 2 CPU
- 3 ALU
- 4 Microcontrollers
- 5 Memories in Microcontrollers
- 6 Memory Swapping Concept
- 7 Difference between 8 bit, 16 Bit, 32 Bit, 64 Bit Microcontrollers
- 8 Bootloader
- 9 Intel Hex File Format
- 10 GSM
- 11 Embedded Product Design
- 12 Embedded Real-Time Applications
- 13 Embedded Training Institute
- 14 Reference
All Contents
| Lean Embedded | Embedded Interface | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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CPU
CPU is the central processing unit, it’s the heart of the system.
If you wanna see how the CPU works? there is a web-based simulator available Please click here. On this site, you can load your source file of your respective processor and see live to understand how the CPU is working.
Video: How CUP working
ALU
ALU is an arthematic logical unit. CPU consists of the ALU.
Microcontrollers
4004 Microprocessor
- Getting Started with 4004 MicroProcessor : Datasheet : http://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/DataSheet/4004_datasheet.pdf
- Reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004
- Intel 4004 Instructions Set : http://e4004.szyc.org/iset.html
- https://www.4004.com/
STM8S003 MCU
- STM8S003 Datasheet: STM8S003 datasheet
STM8S003 Controller Pinout ( STM8S003 TSSOP2)
STM Programmer
You can buy this USB programmer from eBay The ST-LINK/V2 is an in-circuit debugger and programmer for the STM8 and STM32 microcontroller families. The
single wire interface module (SWIM) and JTAG/serial wire debugging (SWD) interfaces are used to communicate with any STM8 or STM32 microcontroller located on an application board. for more details about the ST-LINK V2 programmer click here. SWIM is Single-WireInterface Module, See SWIM protocol details.
ST-LINK V2 Pinout
Example: Hello World
In the hello world example will see the LED Blink Program in STM8S003 Controller. Usually the first program of everything (Controller) in electronics we start from blink example.
- Required Development Tool: IAR Embedded Work Bench includes ST-LINK V2 USB drivers (Download Free Trial Version for STM8S003 controller)
- Alternatively, you can download the full standard library for STM8 from ST website.
- https://my.st.com/content/my_st_com/en/products/embedded-software/mcus-embedded-software/stm8-embedded-software/stsw-stm8069.license%3d1470738771420.html
- Refer Links: http://embedonix.com/articles/embedded-projects/getting-started-with-stm8-development-part-1-blinking-a-led/
- Reference: http://www.emcu.it
Memories in Microcontrollers
Volatile and Non-volatile memory
Generally, memory are two categories
- Non Volatile Memory – The contents of the memory are not permanently deleted while power is on and Off. It is often found in USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras, and solid-state drives.
- Volatile Memory – The contents of the memory are permanently deleted while power is on and Off.
which means that when the power is shut off, the contents of the memory are NOT lost
The main categories in Microcontroller are three type
- Flash memory
- RAM
- EEPROM memory
Flash memory
Flash memory is used to store the program. It can be electronically reprogrammed and erased. Flash memory is a type of electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), but may also be a standalone memory storage device such as a USB drive. It is Non-volatile memory.
RAM Memory
The abbreviation of RAM is Random Access Memory. RAM is used to store the local variables during program execution time. RAM memory is helping to fast read access during the execution time. It is volatile memory.
Many type of RAM is available
- SRAM,
- DRAM and etc.
EEPROM
The Abbreviation of EEPROM is Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. It’s used to permanently store data like device Parameters, Errors, Timestamps, Sensor data, etc (As per project required). When compare to FLASH and RAM, the EEPROM is a slow response while accessing when execution. It’s non-volatile memory same as FLASH.
Memory Swapping Concept
In modern ARM cortex R series (TMS570LC4357- ARM Cortex R5F) have feature like swapping of the CPU instruction memory (flash) and data memory (RAM).
For example : controller flash memeory start from 0x00000000 and RAM start from 0x08000000. By default, CPU starts RAM memory from 0x08000000. But After swapping, the data RAM is accessed starting from 0x00000000, and flash memory is now accessed starting from 0x08000000. For this need to properly configure the settings in the respective register.
Difference between 8 bit, 16 Bit, 32 Bit, 64 Bit Microcontrollers
| Controllers | Internal Bus | ALU Operations | Family | Precision |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 Bit | 8 Bits | 8 Bits | 8051, AVR, PIC, HSC12 | 1Byte |
| 16 Bit | 16 Bits | 16 Bits | Extended 8051XA, Intel 8096, MC68HC12, PIC16F | 2Bytes or Half word Its greater precision than 8 bits |
| 32 Bit | 32 Bits | 32 Bits | ARM, PIC32, Intel 80960, Intel/Atmel 251 Family, TMS570LC43570, ESP32 and ESP8266. | 4Bytes or Word Its greater precision than 16 bits |
| 64 Bit | 64 Bits | 64 Bits | ARM Cortex-R82 (Launched at 2020) | 8Bytes Its greater precision than 32 bits |
Bootloader
The bootloader is a piece of code that runs before, any operating system is running. Bootloaders are used to boot other operating systems, usually, each operating system has a set of bootloaders specific for it. Bootloaders usually contain several ways to boot the OS kernel and also contain commands for debugging and/or modifying the kernel environment. Bootloaders are used to boot other operating systems, usually, each operating system has a set of bootloaders specific for it.
Intel Hex File Format
- Intel-Standard Hex file format is one of the commonly used formats in the microcontroller world
- This standard is used to burn the 8051/52 program into an EPROM, PROM, etc,
- 8051 Assembler generates the Intel Standard Hex file, it can be loaded into EPROM programmer.
- Intel HEX is a file format that conveys binary information in ASCII text form.
- It is commonly used for programming microcontrollers, EPROMs, and other types of programmable logic devices.
- In a typical application, a compiler or assembler converts a program’s source code (such as in C or assembly language) to machine code and outputs it into a HEX file.
- The HEX file is then imported by a programmer to “burn” the machine code into a ROM, or is transferred to the target system for loading and execution.
Below is the format of the intel Hex file
- Position: 1 – Record Marker.
- Position: 2-3 – Record Length.
- Position: 4-7 – Address.
- Position: 8-9 – Record Type.
- Position: 10-? – Data Type.
- Last 2 Characters: Checksum.
The below table is an example of 0300300002337A1E
| Position: 1 | Record Marker | 03 (3 Byte of Data) |
| Position : 2-3 | Record Length | 0030(3 Bytes will be stored at 0030, 0031, and 0032) |
| Position: 4-7 | Address | 00 (Normal data) |
| Position : 8-9 | Record Type | 02,33, 7A. |
| Position: 10-? | Data Type | 1E |
| Last 2 Character | Checksum. |
GSM
- How do I forward all my text messages to another phone? For solution is android: Many more android apps are available to forward your SMS to some particular number. : https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kerryn.autoforwardsms
Embedded Product Design
- Understand and analyze customer and design requirements to identify any gaps or missing information needed to perform development and testing activities
- Participate in high-level design for projects that have a high reuse factor
- Design software components based on the high-level design requirements
- Develop integration test plans and test cases to verify that the software meets the customer and the high-level requirements
- Test cases planning & Execution of test plans
- Analysis of executed test plans, and confirming that the software behavior respects the requirement documents
- Report findings (SW Bugs) on the configuration management tool
- Prepare test reports
- Perform the responsibilities of the previous technical level as per the project need
- Perform technical reviews on software component design, code, and test
- Continuously communicate work progress through attendance of daily & weekly project meetings. (Internal and external with other Value sites)
- Support his/her colleagues whenever required
in short for
- Block Diagram
- Design Circuit Diagram
- Select Correct Component
- Resistor
- Capacitor
- Diode
- Encloser Box
Embedded Real-Time Applications
Escalators
Image Source
Manufacture companies
Elevators (Lift)
Manufacture companies
- Kone (Fourth largest elevator manufacturer in the world. is also the pioneer of the machine room-less elevator system)
- Johns & Waygood (Acquired by Perry Engineering in the 1970s)
- Mitsubishi – Elevator
- Schindler (Second largest elevator manufacturer in the world, and the largest escalator manufacturer in the world)