C – Union

In this post, you can learn about what a C union is, its syntax, how to declare a union, and how to initialize union members. If you have any doubts, feel free to mention them in the comments section.

Introduction

union is a keyword, used to create a structure like struct keyword. When we declare a union, memory allocated for a union variable of the type is equal to the memory needed for the largest member of it, and all members share this same memory space

Read more: C – Union

Syntax

union union_name 
{
    data_type_1 member_1;
    data_type_2 member_2; 
};

Declaration :

union union_name 
{
    data_type_1 member_1;
    data_type_2 member_2;
}uv_1,uv_2;

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Example-1: C Union Understanding

Predict the output of the above program. Assuming an integer size of 4 bytes and a character size of 1 byte, and no alignment needed.

union test
{
    int x;
    char arr[4];
    int y;
};
 
int main()
{
    union test t;
    t.x = 0;
    t.arr[1] = 'G';
    printf("%s", t.arr);
    return 0;
}

The answer is that “nothing is printed”.

Explanation:

Statement	Explanation
union test t;	Declares a union variable t of type test.
t.x = 0;	Sets the value of x member of union t to 0.
t.arr[1] = 'G';	Assigns the character ‘G’ to the second element of the arr member array.
printf("%s", t.arr);	Prints the string stored in the arr member of union t.
return 0;	Indicates successful termination of the program.

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Uses of unions in C

Unions offer versatility and efficiency in memory usage and data representation in C programming.

Use Case	Description
Memory Conservation	Unions allow multiple members to share the same memory location, conserving memory when only one member is needed.
Type Conversion	Unions facilitate type punning, enabling conversion between different data types or accessing the same memory location with different interpretations.
Handling Variant Data	Unions are suitable for representing variant data structures where different members represent different data types, but only one member is valid at a time.
Bit Manipulation	Unions can be used for bit manipulation and manipulation of individual bits within larger data types.
Implementing Tagged Unions	Tagged unions combine a discriminant (a tag) with a union, allowing the representation of values from different types while keeping track of their type.
Optimizing Memory Layout	Unions can optimize memory layout in structures by grouping related data fields together, especially when only one field is needed at a time.

Advantages and disadvantages of unions in C

Unions offer flexibility and efficiency in certain scenarios but require careful usage to avoid pitfalls such as type-related bugs and undefined behavior.

Advantage	Disadvantage
Memory Conservation	Limited Type Safety: Unions can lead to type-related bugs if not used carefully.
Type Conversion	Potential for Misuse: Unions can be misused, leading to undefined behavior.
Handling Variant Data	Complex Initialization: Initializing unions with complex types can be challenging.
Bit Manipulation	Limited Readability: Code using unions for bit manipulation may be less readable.
Implementing Tagged Unions	Additional Bookkeeping: Tagged unions may require additional code to manage tags.
Optimizing Memory Layout	Potential for Undefined Behavior: Accessing inactive union members may result in undefined behavior.

Interview questions

These questions cover various aspects of unions in C and can help assess a candidate’s understanding of this concept during an interview.

1. What is a union in C?
2. How is a union different from a structure?
3. How do you declare a union in C?
4. Can a union contain members of different data types?
5. What is the size of a union in C?
6. How do you access members of a union?
7. What is type punning in the context of unions?
8. What are the advantages of using unions?
9. Can you explain the concept of memory conservation using unions?
10. How do unions facilitate type conversion?
11. What are the potential pitfalls of using unions?
12. Can you provide an example of using unions in a real-world scenario?
13. How does the compiler handle memory allocation for unions?
14. Can a union have functions as members?
15. What is the utility of tagged unions and how are they beneficial?

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