echo '' ;

Embedded Sensor – ADXL345

This article is a continuation of the series on “Embedded Sensor – ADXL345” and carries the discussion on Size, Functional Diagram, Pin Configuration, Application, Features and Benefits, ADXL345 Interface accelerometer, and Projects with this accelerometer. This sensor from Analog Devices

Digital output data is formatted as 16-bit twos complement and is accessible through either an SPI (3- or 4-wire) or I2C digital interface.

Read more… →

Interview Questions – UART

“In an interview, questions are the bridges between a candidate’s experiences and an employer’s expectations. They pave the way for understanding, insight, and the journey towards finding the perfect professional match. Before entering into UART interview questions, it is suggested to go through the UART protocol tutorial at least once. UART, or Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter, is a communication protocol used for serial communication between devices. It involves the transmission of data between devices bit by bit, without a shared clock signal.

UART

UART is commonly employed in various applications, serving functions such as connecting microcontrollers to other peripherals, facilitating communication between embedded systems, and interfacing with sensors and other hardware components. Moreover, its versatility extends across a spectrum of use cases. Additionally, this adaptability positions UART as an integral component in diverse fields, showcasing its significance in fostering seamless communication within a wide range of electronic systems

The protocol defines the format of the data being sent, including start and stop bits, data bits, and optional parity for error checking. Additionally, UART provides a simple and versatile method for devices to exchange information serially. Moreover, this inherent flexibility and ease of implementation make it a widely adopted communication standard in various applications, ranging from microcontroller communication to data logging and industrial automation.

Read more… →
C Programming Language

C Quiz-6

Participating in a C quiz can offer several benefits for individuals looking to improve their programming skills and knowledge of the C programming language. Here are some potential advantages:

  • Resume Enhancement: Mentioning participation and achievements in C quizzes on a resume or portfolio can showcase a candidate’s dedication to learning and improving their programming skills, potentially making them more attractive to employers.
Read more… →

C Quiz-5

Participating in a C quiz can offer several benefits for individuals looking to improve their programming skills and knowledge of the C programming language. Here are some potential advantages:

  • Continuous Learning: Regular participation in C quizzes encourages continuous learning. As programming languages evolve, staying engaged with quizzes helps individuals stay current with the latest updates and best practices in C programming.
Read more… →

C Quiz-4

Participating in a C quiz can offer several benefits for individuals looking to improve their programming skills and knowledge of the C programming language. Here are some potential advantages:

  1. Preparation for Interviews: C programming quizzes often include questions similar to those asked in technical interviews for software development positions. Participating in quizzes can help individuals prepare for such interviews and increase their confidence in discussing C-related topics.
  2. Community Engagement: Online platforms that host C quizzes often have forums or communities where participants can discuss questions, share insights, and learn from each other. Engaging with a community can broaden one’s perspective and provide additional learning resources.
Read more… →
C Programming Language

C Quiz-3

Participating in a C quiz can offer several benefits for individuals looking to improve their programming skills and knowledge of the C programming language. Here are some potential advantages:

  1. Competition and Motivation: Quizzes with a competitive element can motivate participants to strive for better performance. Healthy competition can encourage individuals to push themselves and learn more to achieve higher scores.
  2. Feedback and Learning Opportunities: After completing a quiz, participants typically receive feedback on their performance. This feedback can include explanations for correct and incorrect answers, providing valuable learning opportunities.
Read more… →
C Programming Language

C Quiz-2

Participating in a C quiz can offer several benefits for individuals looking to improve their programming skills and knowledge of the C programming language. Here are some potential advantages:

  1. Problem-Solving Practice: Many C quizzes include practical problem-solving questions that require participants to apply their programming knowledge to solve specific problems. This helps improve problem-solving skills and the ability to implement algorithms in C.
  2. Time Management: C Quizzes often have a time limit for each question, helping participants develop effective time management skills. This is particularly valuable in a real-world programming environment where efficient coding is essential.
Read more… →

C Example – Little Endian and Big Endian


Little and Big Endian are two different byte orderings used to represent multibyte data types, such as integers, in computer memory.

Pre-Request to read this first: What is Little and Big Endian in System

The choice between Both is crucial when data is transferred between systems with different byte orderings. Network protocols and file formats often specify the byte order to ensure compatibility between systems. Many modern architectures, especially those based on x86 and x86-64, use Little-Endian by default.

Read more… →

Embedded – Little Endian and Big Endian

“Little Endian and Big Endian” are two different ways of storing multi-byte data types like integers, floating-point numbers, etc., in computer memory.

The architecture of the processor determines the choice between these two types. Little type is commonly used in x86 and x86-64 architectures, while Big type may be used in some older architectures and network protocols. The endianness of a system can affect data interchange between systems with different endianness.

  • Little and big are two ways of storing multibyte data types ( int, float, etc).

To illustrate this, let’s consider a 4-byte integer 0x12345678:

Big Type

In this type of system, the lowest memory address stores the most significant byte (referred to as the “big end”) of a multi-byte data type, while subsequent bytes store in decreasing order of significance. That is, the most significant byte comes first.

In this type, it would be stored as 12 34 56 78 in memory, with the most significant byte 12 stored at the lowest memory address.

Little Type

In a Little type system, multi-byte data types store the least significant byte (referred to as the “little end”) at the lowest memory address, with subsequent bytes arranged in increasing order of significance. That is, the least significant byte comes first.

In Little Type, it would be stored as 78 56 34 12 in memory, with the least significant byte 78 stored at the lowest memory address.

Example-1: Understanding of Little Endian and Big Endian

Lets assume the value 0x01234567 (4Byte Data) will be going to store in Memory.

The below Image Link

Example-2: Understanding

Lets assume the value 0xFFAA5500 (4Byte Data) will be going to store in address from 4000 to 40003.

Little Type

AddressData
4003FF
4002AA
400155
400000

Big Type

AddressData
400300
400255
4001AA
4000FF

Example-3: Understanding

Let’s assume the value 0x6573A429 (4Byte Data) will be going to store in a 32-bit machine address from 20008 to 20000B.

AddressLittle TypeBig Endian Type
200086565
200097373
2000AA4A4
2000B6529

C Example Code

Advantage and Disadvantage

Certainly! Here’s a table summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of Little Type and Big Type:

AspectLittle EndianBig Endian
Advantages
EfficiencyEfficient memory access due to direct access to least significant byteHuman-readable representation aligning with natural digit order
Conversion EaseSimplified byte swapping operations for data interchangeConsistency with some network protocols and file formats
Compatibility
Disadvantages
CompatibilityPotential compatibility issues when interacting with Big Endian systemsByte swapping overhead for data interchange with Little Endian systems
Memory AccessLess efficient memory access due to potential byte swapping

NEXT

C Example – Swapping

C Example -In programming, swapping values is a fundamental operation that can find use in various applications across different domains.

Specific use cases-1 of C Example – Swapping

Database Management:

  • Reordering Data: You can use swapping rows in a database table to change the order of records based on certain criteria, such as alphabetical order or chronological order.
  • Optimization: Swapping rows can sometimes be part of database optimization strategies, like minimizing disk I/O by reorganizing data to reduce fragmentation.

Matrix Operations:

  • Matrix Transposition: Swapping rows with columns is fundamental in transposing a matrix, where the rows become columns and vice versa.
  • Row Reduction: Techniques like Gaussian elimination in linear algebra require swapping rows to solve systems of linear equations or find matrix inverses.

Sorting Algorithms:

  • Heap Sort: During the beatification process, swapping rows might be necessary. This process involves reordering elements to satisfy the heap property.
  • Radix Sort: For multidimensional data, swapping entire rows or columns may be part of the sorting process.

Data Analysis and Manipulation:

  • Reorganizing Data: Swapping rows or columns can help in rearranging data for better analysis, such as grouping similar data together or aligning data for comparison.
  • Data Cleaning: In data preprocessing tasks, swapping rows or columns might be necessary to remove duplicates or standardize data formats.

Specific use cases-2 of C Example – Swapping

Graphics and Visualization:

  • Image Processing: Swapping rows or columns of pixel data is common in image processing tasks like rotation, flipping, or resizing images.
  • Data Visualization: In tools like spreadsheets or data visualization software, users may swap rows or columns to customize the presentation of data for better interpretation.

Parallel Processing:

  • Data Partitioning: When distributing data across multiple processing units in parallel computing, swapping rows or columns can be used to redistribute data chunks for load balancing or efficient computation.
  • Data Merging: After parallel processing tasks, swapping rows or columns may be necessary to merge results from different processing units into a single coherent dataset.

Encryption and Compression:

  • Data Obfuscation: Swapping rows or columns can be part of encryption or compression algorithms to scramble data for security or reduce redundancy for compression.

C Program to Swap Two Numbers

Swapping Two Numbers (Folder)


C Program to Swapping Strings (Folder)

C Examples – Addition

In this “C Examples Addition” example, we’ll explore a simple C program that demonstrates addition. Addition is one of the fundamental arithmetic operations, and understanding how to perform it in C can be useful for building more complex programs.
Our program will prompt the user to enter two integers, then it will add them together and display the result. We’ll achieve this using basic input/output functions (printf() and scanf()) for user interaction and a simple loop to perform the addition.
Let’s dive into the code and understand how it works!

Read more… →

C Examples – Time Delay

Time delay is necessary for some cases in programming. for example, if you wanna print some string with some delay or wanna write some value in file frequently with some delay or need to check the excel file value with some delay like many use cases. To make a delay in application execution, we have two options like can write own custom user to define a function as well as can use some pre-defined library functions in C. In many ways, users can write the time delay functions like using for loop, while loop, do-while loop as well as a separate function in all. Here will discuss about C Examples Time Delay.

Read more… →

C Example – Hello World

Here below are many C Example Hello World codes that are available related to Hello World if you have any doubts please post in the comment section. The “Hello World” example in the C programming language is often the first program beginners encounter when learning to code. It’s a simple program that prints “Hello, World!” to the screen. This program serves as a basic introduction to programming syntax and structure in C.

Example: Hello World

This “Hello world” C Example is one of the good in anything startup. Here we are going to print the "ArunEworld" string in the console.

For the below code, you should know the following

Read more… →