Bluetooth is a wireless personal area network(WAN). BLE acronym for Bluetooth Low Energy. One of the most popular short-range wireless communication standards. Known as IEEE 802.15.1, it is now maintained by SIG (Special Interest Group). this is everywhere. How many this devices are there in the room? Cellphones, wireless mouse/keyboard, smart watch/bracelet, earphone, ibeacon.
WiFi, short for “Wireless Fidelity,” is a technology that allows devices to connect to the internet or communicate with each other wirelessly using radio waves. It’s widely used in homes, businesses, and public spaces to provide internet access without the need for physical wired connections. WiFi operates within the unlicensed radio frequency bands, typically 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, and it’s governed by the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. These standards define different WiFi versions, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, and the latest, 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6), each offering various speeds, range, and features. WiFi routers and access points transmit signals that devices like smartphones, laptops, tablets, and smart home gadgets can receive, enabling them to access the internet or network resources.
/* Arduino PIR Motion Sensor Tutorial */
/* www.ArunEworld.com */
int pirSensor = 8;
int relayInput = 7;
void setup() {
pinMode(pirSensor, INPUT);
pinMode(relayInput, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = digitalRead(pirSensor);
if (sensorValue == HIGH) {
digitalWrite(relayInput, LOW); // The Relay Input works Inversely
}
}
This Arduino code is for a PIR (Passive Infrared) motion sensor setup, where a relay is controlled based on motion detection. Here’s an explanation of each part:
| Section | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Comments | The code includes comments providing information about the purpose of the code and its source. |
| Variable Declaration | – pirSensor = 8;: Declares a variable pirSensor and assigns pin 8 to it for reading the PIR sensor’s output. – relayInput = 7;: Declares a variable relayInput and assigns pin 7 to it for controlling the relay. |
| Setup Function | Initializes the pins: – Sets pirSensor pin as INPUT to receive data from the PIR sensor. – Sets relayInput pin as OUTPUT to control the relay. |
| Loop Function | – Reads the digital state from the pirSensor pin to check for motion detection. – If motion is detected (sensor value is HIGH), it turns on the relay by setting the relayInput pin LOW. |
IAR Embedded Workbench is a popular integrated development environment (IDE) for embedded systems development (compiler). It provides a complete set of development tools for building, debugging, and optimizing embedded applications for a wide range of microcontrollers.
Key features of IAR Embedded Workbench include:
Overall, IAR Embedded Workbench provides a comprehensive development environment tailored for embedded systems developers, helping them streamline the development process, reduce time-to-market, and achieve high-quality, reliable embedded applications.
Read more: Embedded Compiler – IAR Workbenchif you know the answerer of the below question, Kindly help to add the solution in this website
ZigBee is a low-power, low-data-rate wireless communication embedded protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It is commonly used for creating networks of low-power devices in applications such as home automation, industrial control, and smart energy management.
ZigBee is designed to be simple, cost-effective, and reliable, making it ideal for use in battery-powered devices that need to communicate over short distances. It uses a mesh networking topology, allowing devices to communicate with each other directly or through intermediate nodes in the network.
ZigBee supports a range of applications including lighting control, HVAC control, security systems, and remote monitoring. It provides robust security features to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data exchanged between devices.
Overall, ZigBee is a popular choice for building wireless sensor networks and other low-power, low-data-rate communication systems.
“One Wire” refers to a communication protocol developed by Dallas Semiconductor (now Maxim Integrated) that allows multiple devices to communicate over a singleWire using a master-slave architecture. It enables bidirectional communication and power delivery over a singleWire, simplifying wiring and reducing hardware complexity in certain applications.
The protocol operates by sending and receiving data serially using a singleWire, which also serves as a ground reference. Each device on the One Wire network has a unique 64-bit address, allowing the master device to identify and communicate with individual slaves. Additionally, One Wire devices can be powered directly from the data line, eliminating the need for separate power connections in some cases.
One Wire is commonly used in applications where minimizing wiring and hardware complexity is essential, such as temperature sensing, identification (e.g., RFID tags), and small-scale data logging. It’s particularly popular in applications where running multiple wires is impractical or cost-prohibitive, such as in distributed sensor networks or in situations where space is limited.
Overall, One Wire offers a simple and cost-effective solution for connecting multiple devices over a single wire, making it a valuable tool in various embedded systems and IoT applications.
A touch keypad is an input device that allows users to interact with electronic devices by touching designated areas on its surface. It typically consists of a panel with sensitive touch sensors beneath, capable of detecting the presence and location of touch inputs. Touch keypads are commonly used in various electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, ATMs, point-of-sale terminals, and household appliances like microwave ovens and washing machines. They offer advantages like sleek design, ease of use, and versatility in terms of layout and functionality.
Read more: Embedded Interface – Touch KeypadHere is the Specifications
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| On board 8 key TTP226 capacitive touch induction IC. | Allows for capacitive touch sensing with 8 keys. |
| On board 8-way level indicator. | Features an 8-way level indicator on board. |
| Working voltage | 2.4 V to 2.4 V |
| Modules | Allows for setting output mode, key output mode, the longest time, and fast/low power output. |
| PCB board size | Dimensions: 47.5 mm (width) x 46 mm (height). |
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. It’s a type of non-volatile memory that can store small amounts of data even when power is removed. EEPROMs are commonly used in applications where persistent storage of configuration settings or small amounts of user data is required, such as in microcontrollers, embedded systems, and electronic devices like USB flash drives and SD cards. Unlike traditional ROM (Read-Only Memory), EEPROM can be electrically erased and reprogrammed multiple times, making it flexible and suitable for applications that require frequent updates to stored data.
One prominent feature of EEPROM is its ability to be electrically erased and reprogrammed, allowing for multiple read-write cycles. This feature makes EEPROM ideal for storing data that may need frequent updates or modifications, such as configuration settings or user preferences in electronic devices. Additionally, EEPROMs typically offer low-power consumption, fast access times, and compatibility with a wide range of microcontrollers and electronic systems. Moreover, they often have a relatively high endurance, allowing them to withstand many read and write cycles before wearing out.
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These are either normally on (Push-to-break0, or normally off(Push-to-make). They can be latched, So they stay pressed down after you remove your finger, like the switches on a torch.
These are magnetically activated
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The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts the continuous analog signal into a flow of digital values. To achieve this, the converter must establish the rate at which new digital values sample from the analog signal. This rate is termed the sampling rate or sampling frequency of the converter.
A successive approximation ADC uses a comparator to narrow the input voltage range. Digital systems store values in binary format, with resolution usually in bits, often a power of two. Furthermore, one can define resolution electrically and represent it in volts. Consequently, we call the smallest voltage change needed to alter the output code level the least significant bit.
| Aspect | Description |
|---|---|
| High Precision | ADCs provide high precision in converting analog signals into digital form, thereby ensuring an accurate representation of the original signal. Consequently, this precision allows for reliable data processing and analysis. |
| Compatibility | Modern digital systems find digital signals more compatible, as they can easily process, transmit, and store them using digital devices. Additionally, this compatibility enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of digital systems in various applications. |
| Noise Immunity | Digital signals are less susceptible to noise interference during transmission or processing compared to analog signals. Consequently, this leads to better signal integrity and more reliable data transmission in digital communication systems. |
| Signal Processing | Digital signals allow for advanced signal processing techniques such as filtering, modulation, and encryption. As a result, this enhances the versatility of digital systems, enabling them to adapt to a wide range of applications and requirements. |
| Ease of Integration | ADCs can be integrated into various electronic devices, providing a seamless interface between analog sensors or sources and digital processing units. Consequently, this integration enhances the functionality and performance of electronic systems by enabling accurate and efficient conversion of analog signals into digital data. |
| Aspect | Description |
|---|---|
| Sampling Rate Limitations | ADCs are limited by their sampling rate, which determines the maximum frequency of signals they can accurately capture. Consequently, inadequate sampling rates can lead to aliasing and loss of signal fidelity, compromising the accuracy of the digital representation of analog signals. |
| Quantization Error | During the analog-to-digital conversion process, quantization error can occur. Consequently, this can lead to inaccuracies in the representation of the original analog signal, affecting the fidelity of the digital output. |
| Complexity and Cost | High-resolution ADCs, capable of accurately capturing fine details in analog signals, can be complex and expensive. Consequently, for applications demanding high-speed or high-precision conversion, these ADCs may pose challenges due to their complexity and cost. |
| Conversion Time | ADCs require a finite amount of time to convert analog signals into digital form. As a result, this causes latency in real-time systems or applications that demand rapid signal processing. |
| Dynamic Range Limitations | ADCs have a limited dynamic range, which can affect their ability to accurately capture signals with a wide range of amplitudes. Consequently, this limitation can potentially cause distortion or loss of information in the converted signal, particularly when dealing with signals of varying amplitudes. |
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Industrial Automation | ADCs monitor and control analog sensors like temperature, pressure, and flow sensors in industrial automation systems. |
| Medical Instrumentation | ADCs convert signals from medical sensors like ECG or blood pressure monitors into digital data for analysis in medical instrumentation. |
| Audio Processing | ADCs convert analog audio signals from microphones or musical instruments into digital format for storage or processing in audio applications. |
| Automotive Systems | ADCs are integrated into automotive systems for functions like engine control, airbag deployment, and sensor data acquisition for driver assistance systems. |
| Communication Systems | ADCs convert analog signals, such as voice or data, into digital format for transmission over digital communication networks in communication systems. |
| Test and Measurement | ADCs capture and analyze analog signals with high precision in test and measurement equipment, supporting applications like oscilloscopes and data loggers. |
| Consumer Electronics | ADCs in consumer electronics, like smartphones and digital cameras, convert various analog signals into digital data for processing or display. |
| Renewable Energy Systems | ADCs monitor and control the generation and distribution of electrical power in renewable energy systems like solar or wind power inverters. |
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LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. It’s a type of flat-panel display technology commonly used in TVs, computer monitors, smartphones, and other electronic devices. This work by sandwiching a layer of liquid crystals between two transparent electrodes and two polarizing filters. When an electric current passes through the liquid crystals, they align to allow varying amounts of light to pass through, creating images or text on the screen. LCDs are known for their sharp image quality, energy efficiency, and relatively low cost compared to other display technologies like OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode).
Read more: Embedded Interface – LCDSure, here are some advantages and disadvantages of LCD displays:
Despite these disadvantages, LCD technology remains widely used and continues to be improved upon with advancements in backlighting, panel technology, and image processing algorithms.
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LED (Light Emitted Diode)
Summary of LED’s Colors and Common Chemistries
| Color | Wavelength | Materials |
| Amber | 605-620 nm | Gallium arsenide phosphide, Aluminum gallium indium phosphide |
| Blue | 430-505 nm | IInGaN (Indium Gallium Nitride), Gallium nitride, Silicon carbide, Sapphire, Zinc selenide |
| Green | 550-570 nm | Aluminum gallium phosphide, Gallium nitride |
| Infra-Red | 850-940 nm | Gallium arsenide, AL GaAs (Aluminum Gallium Arsenide) |
| Red | 630-660 nm | AL GaAs (Aluminum Gallium Arsenide), Gallium arsenide phosphide, Gallium phosphide |
| Ultraviolet | 370-400 nm | Indium gallium nitride, Aluminum gallium nitride |
| Violet | 410-420nm | |
| Yellow | 585-595 nm | Aluminum gallium phosphide, Gallium arsenide phosphide, Gallium phosphide |
| WaveLenth | LED APPLICATION |
| 410nm-420nm(violet) | Skin therapy |
| 430nm-470nm(blue) | Dental curing instrument |
| 470nm(blue) | White LED’s using phosphor, blue for RGB white |
| 520nm-530nm(green) | Green traffic signal lights, amber for RGBA white lights |
| 580nm-590nm(amber) | Red signal lights, red for RGBA white lights |
| 630nm-640nm(red) | Blood oximetry |
| 660nm(deep red) | Skin therapy |
| 680nm(deep red) | Night vision illuminators and beacons for use with night vision goggles or CCD’S |
| 800nm-850nm(near IR) | Photo electric controls |
| 940nm(near IR) | Convert illumination CCD based systems |
Reference : http://www.goldwynled.com/knowledge-bank/leds-basics
LEDs ON
LEDs OFF
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